Ideas and people
The family tree and the people, drawn as one. Start from an idea and see who is named on it and what it grew from; start from a person and see who they worked with and the ideas they are on. Switch layers off to see one thing clearly.
The ideas and their lineage are my family tree; the lines between people are Hugh Dubberly’s Social Graph of Cybernetics, used with credit, with his notes on his graph. Every line says where it comes from, and a lineage the sources dispute is drawn dashed or dotted. For the people alone, the people of cybernetics.
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Every idea, with its people
Era by era, as on the family tree: what each idea grew from, the people named on it, and the paper behind it where a primer covers one. An idea’s name opens it in the graph above.
Before the name 1788 to 1934 · 6
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Ampère's cybernétique on the tree
1834 to 1843
PeopleAndré-Marie Ampère
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Feedback amplifiers on the tree
1927 to 1945
Grew fromMaxwell, On Governors (partial)
PeopleHarold Black, Harry Nyquist, Hendrik Bode
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Milieu intérieur to homeostasis on the tree
1865 to 1932
PeopleClaude Bernard, Walter B. Cannon
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Maxwell, On Governors on the tree
1868
Grew fromWatt's governor
PeopleJames Clerk Maxwell
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Servomechanisms at MIT on the tree
1934 to 1945
Grew fromMaxwell, On Governors (partial)
PeopleGordon Brown, Harold Hazen
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1788
PeopleJames Watt, Matthew Boulton
The roots 1943 to 1956 · 9
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Ashby, requisite variety on the tree
1948 to 1956
Grew fromMilieu intérieur to homeostasis, Ratio Club, Grey Walter's tortoises, The Macy conferences (partial)
PeopleW. Ross Ashby
PaperRequisite Variety
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Craik, The Nature of Explanation on the tree
1943
PeopleKenneth Craik
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The Macy conferences on the tree
1946 to 1953
Grew fromA Logical Calculus of neurons, Behavior, Purpose and Teleology
PeopleG. Evelyn Hutchinson, Gregory Bateson, Heinz von Foerster, John von Neumann, Margaret Mead, Norbert Wiener, Walter Pitts, Warren McCulloch
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A Logical Calculus of neurons on the tree
1943
PeopleWalter Pitts, Warren McCulloch
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Ratio Club, Grey Walter's tortoises on the tree
1948 to 1958
Grew fromCraik, The Nature of Explanation, Wiener, Cybernetics (partial)
PeopleAlan Turing, John Bates, W. Grey Walter, W. Ross Ashby
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Behavior, Purpose and Teleology on the tree
1943
Grew fromMilieu intérieur to homeostasis, Servomechanisms at MIT
PeopleArturo Rosenblueth, Julian Bigelow, Norbert Wiener
PaperBehavior, Purpose and Teleology
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A Mathematical Theory of Communication on the tree
1948
Grew fromFeedback amplifiers (partial)
PeopleClaude Shannon
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Von Neumann's automata on the tree
1944 to 1948
Grew fromA Logical Calculus of neurons
PeopleJohn von Neumann
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Wiener, Cybernetics on the tree
1948
Grew fromBehavior, Purpose and Teleology, Maxwell, On Governors, The Macy conferences
PeopleNorbert Wiener
PaperCybernetics, the introduction
First branches 1950s to 1970s · 14
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Bateson: the double bind, an ecology of mind on the tree
1956 to 1972
Grew fromThe Macy conferences
PeopleDon D. Jackson, Gregory Bateson, Jay Haley, John Weakland
PaperForm, Substance and Difference
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Management cybernetics, the VSM on the tree
1959 to 1972
Grew fromAshby, requisite variety
PeopleStafford Beer
PaperThe Viable System Model
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Modern control theory on the tree
1956 to 1960
Grew fromServomechanisms at MIT, Wiener, Cybernetics (partial)
PeopleLev Pontryagin, Richard Bellman, Rudolf Kalman
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1971 to 1973
Grew fromManagement cybernetics, the VSM
PeopleFernando Flores, Stafford Beer
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The name "artificial intelligence" on the tree
1955 to 1956
Grew fromA Logical Calculus of neurons (partial), Von Neumann's automata (partial)
PeopleClaude Shannon, John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester
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Ecosystems as loops on the tree
1948 to 1981
Grew fromThe Macy conferences
PeopleEugene Odum, G. Evelyn Hutchinson, Howard T. Odum
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Every Good Regulator on the tree
1970
Grew fromAshby, requisite variety
PeopleRoger Conant, W. Ross Ashby
PaperEvery Good Regulator of a System Must Be a Model of That System
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General systems theory on the tree
1954 to 1968
Grew fromThe Macy conferences (partial)
PeopleAnatol Rapoport, Kenneth Boulding, Ludwig von Bertalanffy, Ralph Gerard
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Information theory on the tree
1949 to 1956
Grew fromA Mathematical Theory of Communication
PeopleClaude Shannon, Warren Weaver
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Man-Computer Symbiosis on the tree
1960
Grew fromThe Macy conferences, Wiener, Cybernetics
PeopleJ. C. R. Licklider
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The Limits to Growth on the tree
1972
Grew fromSystem dynamics
PeopleDennis Meadows, Donella Meadows, Jørgen Randers, William Behrens
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1958 to 1969
Grew fromA Logical Calculus of neurons
PeopleFrank Rosenblatt
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Soviet cybernetics on the tree
1954 to 1970s
Grew fromWiener, Cybernetics
PeopleAlexey Lyapunov, Anatoly Kitov, Sergei Sobolev, Viktor Glushkov
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1956 to 1971
Grew fromServomechanisms at MIT, Wiener, Cybernetics (contested)
PeopleJay Forrester
Second order 1967 to 1990s · 10
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1972 to 1980
Grew fromVon Foerster, the observer inside
PeopleFrancisco Varela, Humberto Maturana, Ricardo Uribe
PaperAutopoiesis
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Radical constructivism on the tree
1974 to 1995
Grew fromVon Foerster, the observer inside
PeopleErnst von Glasersfeld
PaperOn Constructing a Reality
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1991
Grew fromAutopoiesis
PeopleEleanor Rosch, Evan Thompson, Francisco Varela
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Luhmann's social systems on the tree
1984
Grew fromAutopoiesis (contested)
PeopleNiklas Luhmann
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Mead, Cybernetics of Cybernetics on the tree
1967, printed 1968
Grew fromBateson: the double bind, an ecology of mind, The Macy conferences
PeopleMargaret Mead
PaperCybernetics of Cybernetics
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Morin's complex thought on the tree
1977 to 2004
Grew fromInformation theory (partial), Von Foerster, the observer inside
PeopleEdgar Morin
PaperRestricted Complexity, General Complexity
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Nelson's hypertext on the tree
1965 to 1974
Grew fromPask's conversation theory, Whole Earth, counterculture (partial)
PeopleTed Nelson
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Pask's conversation theory on the tree
1953 to 1980
Grew fromManagement cybernetics, the VSM, Von Foerster, the observer inside
PeopleGordon Pask, Ranulph Glanville
PaperDevelopments in Conversation Theory
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Von Foerster, the observer inside on the tree
1958 to 1979
Grew fromAshby, requisite variety, The Macy conferences
PeopleHeinz von Foerster
PaperCybernetics of Cybernetics
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Whole Earth, counterculture on the tree
1968 to 1976
Grew fromBateson: the double bind, an ecology of mind
PeopleStewart Brand
On the shelf today now · 12
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Cognitive science, extended mind on the tree
1990s to now
Grew fromBateson: the double bind, an ecology of mind (partial), Craik, The Nature of Explanation (partial), The Embodied Mind
PeopleAndy Clark, David Chalmers, Evan Thompson
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Complexity science on the tree
1984 to now
Grew fromMorin's complex thought (partial), Wiener, Cybernetics (contested)
PeopleGeorge Cowan, Murray Gell-Mann
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Neural nets, deep learning on the tree
1986 to now
Grew fromThe perceptron
PeopleDavid Rumelhart, Geoffrey Hinton, Ronald Williams
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Family and systemic therapy on the tree
1958 to now
Grew fromBateson: the double bind, an ecology of mind
PeopleDon D. Jackson, Paul Watzlawick
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The free energy principle on the tree
2006 to now
Grew fromCraik, The Nature of Explanation (partial), Every Good Regulator
PeopleAnil Seth, Karl Friston
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Interaction design, HCI on the tree
1960s to now
Grew fromMan-Computer Symbiosis, Nelson's hypertext, Pask's conversation theory, Whole Earth, counterculture (partial)
PeopleHugh Dubberly, Paul Pangaro, Ranulph Glanville
PaperCybernetics and Design
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Entropy, coding, compression on the tree
1948 to now
Grew fromInformation theory
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Organizational design on the tree
1972 to now
Grew fromManagement cybernetics, the VSM, Project Cybersyn (partial)
PeopleStafford Beer
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Reinforcement learning on the tree
1980s to now
Grew fromModern control theory, Ratio Club, Grey Walter's tortoises (partial)
PeopleAndrew Barto, Richard Sutton
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Robotics and control on the tree
1984 to now
Grew fromModern control theory, Ratio Club, Grey Walter's tortoises
PeopleRodney Brooks, Valentino Braitenberg
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Control loops in software on the tree
2014 to now
Grew fromEvery Good Regulator (partial), Modern control theory
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1990 to now
Grew fromGeneral systems theory (partial), The Limits to Growth
PeopleDonella Meadows, Peter Senge
In numbers
| Layer | On the graph |
|---|---|
| Ideas | 51 |
| People | 128 |
| Labs, schools and conferences | 23 |
| Papers with a primer | 16 |
| Line | From | Count |
|---|---|---|
| Lineage between ideas | the family tree | 74 |
| Named on an idea | the family tree | 106 |
| Worked together | Dubberly’s Social Graph of Cybernetics | 90 |
| Influence | Dubberly’s Social Graph of Cybernetics | 26 |
| Organizations and events | Dubberly’s Social Graph of Cybernetics | 53 |
| Wrote | the primers | 23 |
| The paper behind an idea | the primers | 13 |
Ideas and lineage as checked for the family tree; people’s lines as Dubberly publishes them, with a ✓ where Wikidata also records one. Who wrote a paper comes from the primers’ own credits.
The other maps: the family tree, the ideas and their lineage · the people, who worked with whom · the cybernetics map, what covers each idea